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Le Grand Macabre
''Le grand macabre'' (1974–77, revised version 1996) is György Ligeti's only opera. The opera has two acts and its libretto – based on the 1934 play, ''La balade du grand macabre'', by Michel De Ghelderode – was written by Ligeti in collaboration with Michael Meschke, director of the Stockholm puppet theatre. The original libretto was written in German, as ''Der grosse Makaber'', but for the first production was translated into Swedish by Meschke under its current title . The opera has been performed also in English, French, Italian, Hungarian and Danish. Only a few notes need be changed to perform the opera in any of these languages.
''Le grand macabre'' was premiered in Stockholm on 12 April 1978 and has received more than 30 productions . In preparation for a 1997 production at the Salzburg Festival, Ligeti made substantial revisions to the opera in 1996, tightening the structure by means of cuts in scenes 2 and 4, setting some of the originally spoken passages to music and removing others altogether . The revised version was premiered in Salzburg on 28 July 1997, in a production directed by Peter Sellars . The composer was annoyed by Sellars's production, which opposed Ligeti's desire for ambiguity by explicitly depicting an apocalypse set in the framework of the Chernobyl disaster .
Three arias from the opera were prepared in 1992 for concert performances under the title ''Mysteries of the Macabre''. Versions exist for soprano or for trumpet, accompanied by orchestra, reduced instrumental ensemble, or piano .
==Style==
''Le grand macabre'' falls at a point when Ligeti's style was undergoing a significant change—apparently effecting a complete break with his approach in the 1960s. From here onward, Ligeti adopts a more eclectic manner, re-examining tonality and modality (in his own words, "non-atonal" music). In the opera, however, he does not forge a new musical language. The music instead is driven by quotation and pastiche, plundering past styles through allusions to Claudio Monteverdi, Gioachino Rossini, and Giuseppe Verdi .
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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